DefaultTableModel Class in Java Stores Data for the JTable

TheDefaultTableModel class is a subclass of the AbstractTableModel. As the name suggests it is the table model that is used by a JTable when no table model is specifically defined by the programmer. The DefaultTableModel stores the data for the JTable in a Vector of Vectors. Although theVector is a legacy Java collection it is still supported and there is no issue with using it unless the additional overhead caused by using a synchronized collection is a problem for your Java application. The advantage of using theDefaultTableModel over a custom AbstractTableModel is you dont have to code the methods like add, insert or delete rows and columns. They already exist to change the data held in the Vector of Vectors. This makes it a quick and easy table model to implement. Import Statement import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel; Constructors TheDefaultTableModel class has six constructors. Each can be used to populate of the DefaultTableModel in different ways. The first constructor takes no arguments and creates aDefaultTableModel which has no data, zero columns and zero rows: DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(); The next constructor can be used to specify the number of rows and columns of aDefaultTableModel with no data: DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(10, 10); There are two constructors that can be used to create aDefaultTableModel with column names and a specified number of rows (all containing null values). One uses an ​Object array to hold the column names, the other ​a Vector: String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 10); or DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 10); Finally there are two constructors used to populate theDefaultTableModel with row data along with column names. One used Object arrays, the other Vectors: Object[][] data {{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3},{4,4,4}}; String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); or Vector rowData new Vector(); rowData.add(1); Vector data new Vector(); data.add(0, rowData); Vector columnNames new Vector(); columnNames.add(Column 1); DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); Useful Methods To add a row to theDefaultTableModel use the addRow method along with the row data to add: Object[] newRowData {5,5,5,5}; defTableModel.addRow(newRowData); To insert a row use theinsertRow method, specifying the row index to insert and the row data: Object[] insertRowData {2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5}; defTableModel.insertRow(2,insertRowData); To delete a row use theremoveRow method, specifying the row index to delete: defTableModel.removeRow(0); To get a value in a table cell use thegetValueAt method. For example, if the data at row 2, column 2 contains an int: int value tabModel.getValueAt(2, 2); To set a value in a table cellsetValueAt method with the value to set along with the row and column index: defTableModel.setValueAt(8888, 3, 2); Usage Tips If aJTable is created using the constructor that is passed a two-dimensional array containing the row data and an array containing the column names: Object[][] data {{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3},{4,4,4}}; String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; JTable exampleJTable new JTable(data, columnNames); then the following cast will not work: DefaultTableModel dft (DefaultTableModel)exampleJTable.getModel(); A runtimeClassCastException will be thrown because in this instance the DefaultTableModel is declared as an anonymous inner class in the JTable object and cannot be cast. It can only be cast to the TableModel interface. A way around this is to create your own DefaultTableModel and set it to be the model of the JTable: JTable exampleJTable new JTable(); DefaultTableModel defTableModel new DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); exampleJTable.setModel(defTableModel); Then theDefaultTableModel defTableModel can be used to manipulate the data in the JTable. To see theDefaultTableModel in action have a look at the DefaultTableModel Example Program.

Exposing Capitalism in Upton Sinclairs The Jungle Essay

Exposing Capitalism in The Jungle While the works of Upton Sinclair are not widely read today because of their primacy of social change rather than aesthetic pleasure, works like The Jungle are important to understand in relation to the society that produced them. Sinclair was considered a part of the muckraking era, an era when social critics observed all that was wrong and corrupt in business and politics and responded against it. The Jungle was written primarily as a harsh indictment of wage slavery, but its vivid depictions of the deplorable lack of sanitation involved in the meatpacking industry in Chicago resulted in public outrage to the point where Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection†¦show more content†¦The metaphor of the human being as a waste product allows Sinclair to tap into the guilt feelings of his audience. At times, the book reminds one of those late-night TV solicitations for funds for third-world children. What is interesting is that this is not particu larly a good novel to read; the writing is dogmatic and often polemical. Rather than trying to convince with reason and subtlety, Sinclair is shoving a point of view down the throats of those watching. Still, this brutal approach is the only way to make an impression on an audience so far removed from the reality depicted in the novel. Such an approach draws on the Catholic/Jewish/universal guilt that is plied by Sinclair like a preacher through the meat market of industrial life. Rudkus comes into the novel full of hope and the reader must identify with his hopes and dreams. Yet these dreams are not exactly fodder for a successful novel, if Rudkus was to find his American Dream. The dream he finds is as rotten as the sausage that he processes, as is the American Dream in the socialist mindset of Sinclair. It is ironic that Sinclair uses the stories of people being abused by the system as the focus of his propagandistic writing. 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In cohesion to the upbringing of change due to OSHA, Claire Epstein’s article, â€Å"Keeping OSHA Records† enhances the awareness of the regulatory incorporation ’s care for the workers safety and documentation by stating â€Å"Employers with more thanRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States3647 Words   |  15 Pagescapitalistic businesses of the time period. One muckraker, Upton Sinclair, proposed the solution of a socialist society for America in his book, The Jungle, in order to destroy the power given to large, private businesses. This essay will first provide background information about the corruption in America’s capitalist system, the concept of the American Dream, and Upton Sinclair. The essay will then provide a brief summary of Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, which was written to criticize the concept of the

Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services. Answer: Introduction The contemporary nursing profession is increasingly focusing on the patient rights and issues on shared decision making. Nurses are not only required to be accountable to their patients, but also to the public, their employers and other stakeholders. However, the application of these principles requires deep understanding of the culture and social issues facing the patient (Cherry and Jacob, 2016). The perspectives and cultures of the Aboriginal people play a critical role in the palliative care decision-making process. The multiplicity of players that influence this critical decision create a fertile ground for conflicts and legal conundrums (Crawley and Koffman, 2015). This is the situation that arose in the management of Tom, a patient who was placed in palliative care. The nurse in charge of Tom faces numerous professional and legal issues to deal with in the management of the patient. The primary duties of a nurse include the care of all patients, confidentiality, and autonomy. These duties are supplemented by the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. However, autonomy is complicated in cultures such as the Aboriginal society where the whole family (and sometimes including extended family) is needed to make the management decisions (Johnston, Vukic, and Parker, 2013). It obscures the process of informed consent when each of these members has differing opinions or understanding of the patient management. In the situation of Tom, the nurse needed to respect the palliative wishes of the patient in his management. These included the use of morphine/midazolam for the treatment of his pain or dyspnea and the regard of his medical registrars notes. However, the health of the patient is also deteriorating to the dislike of the family, and better supportive care need to be initiated. The biggest challenge is the person responsible for the final decisions of the patient. While the family is aware of the wishes of Tom for palliative care, they are also concerned about his deteriorating health. The person Tom had assigned to make decisions on his treatment and be his guardian, Cec, was present when Tom decided to use the morphine and be subjected to terminal care. Tom had also done an advanced care paper. However, the daughter wants to override these decision and uses her power as an attorney to implement the changes. She wants better treatment strategies for her father, which causes distress to the other family members. Her wishes are justified within the legal confines, but create a clinical conundrum in the management of the patient. The legal issues in the situation extends beyond the basic understanding of the law to the frameworks of the Aboriginal culture. Their indigenous life requires that family strength is maintained, and an effort to divide the family may be disrespectful (Duggleby, 2015 p. 1722). Consequently, the decision on the management of Tom will need to be collective and protracted. However, there is need to also maintain the professional nursing ethos and standards in applying the decisions from the family members on the health of the patient. At the end of the day, the nursing care provided to the patient are based on his best interests. Goals in the management of the patient The complication of Toms situation arose from the need of Carina to apply modern laws in a setting that is influenced by cultural forces. The fact that Tom has already gone back to the community and consulted with the other members means that the family is at peace with the palliative care process. It took consultation with the senior members of the society before agreeing to use the morphine treatment. However, Carina believes that the treatment is not appropriate for his deteriorating father, and uses her legal powers to override any prior consent. In such a situation, there is need for wide consultations between the family members and nurses to determine the most appropriate methods of managing the patient. The cultural issues surrounding the palliative care of Tom need to be considered while ensuring that professionalism is observed. Therefore, as a nurse in the hospital, there is need to establish appropriate palliative care aims that will be acceptable to the patient and improve the quality of life of the patient. The first basic principle is to ensure that Tom suffers the minimum pain possible. The use of morphine is intended to reduce the pain and dyspnea, but it has not dealt with the symptoms that were being experienced by the patient appropriately (Kamal et al., 2012). Tom has not improved on his long breath gaps and reduced appetite, which is beginning to cause concern with the family members. However, the patient was categorical on the morphine dosage to avoid drowsiness as he wants to spend the last moments with the family. As a palliative care nurse, the comfort and well-being of the patient are the core objectives. The fact that Toms symptoms are not improving is a cause of concern to both the nurse and the family members. Therefore, the use of supportive therapies to alleviate these symptoms is fundamental (Panaretto et al., 2014). It is imperative to discuss these issues with Carina and other family members to see if there is a need for other medical interventions. The nurse needs to plan a shared decision-making process with the family. This can help to identify the best medications to alleviate the symptoms. The palliative care should also aim to create a spiritual and emotional well-being of the patient and the caregivers. The process includes accommodating the friends, family, and community of Tom in the hospital according to their customs. These members had appreciated the significance of the palliative care provided to Tom before Carina came. It is also important that Carina also understands the plan and process of managing his father. The nurse has an obligation to understand Carinas perspective and inform her of the possible benefits and risks of the available options (Kelley and Morrison, 2015). This will lead to meaningful interactions, which will make the whole family understand any interventions and procedures incurred in the palliative care process. Carina will also understand that a higher dosage of morphine could reduce the observed symptoms, but might make her father drowsy. Course of action The end-of-life care is an emotional moment for the family members of the patient. The nurse in charge needs to establish a proper communication platform that can enable an appropriate exchange of information between the two parties. Communication is essentially vital in the situation facing Tom due to the cultural and social barriers to nursing care (Morton et al., 2017). The family could provide useful cues that might help in the management of the patient without creating any fears or discontent among the family members. The first course of action would be a brief highlight of the events that led to the present care of the patient. As Carina was not there initially, she would have missed the reasons her father is being subjected to palliative care. However, the Aboriginal societies are family-oriented (Lau et al., 2012).Any decisions or insights from the discussion with carina need to be approved by the other family members. Therefore, it is important to involve the family members in the management plan of Tom in this situation. Deliberations between the members will lead to a common ground that can inform the future management of Tom. Shared decision making will inform the willingness of the Aboriginal members to accept and adopt the palliative care plans. Satisfaction services might improve the perceptions of these indigenous groups to palliative care (Shahid et al., 2013). One of the issues that had made Tom skeptical of the palliative care was the morphine effects observed in another member of the community, Aunty Joyce. However, the little doses of morphine that Tom is receiving at the moment are not helping to alleviate his symptoms. The sharing of evidence-based decision with family members such as Carina will help improve their knowledge on the available options and improve the accuracy of their expectations on the possible harms or benefits (Hohler and Faan, 2017). The nurse also needs to develop a therapeutic plan to address the symptoms that Tom is experiencing. These medications can help to alleviate the symptoms such as shortness of breath and missing meals. However, this needs to be based on evidence-medicine and wide consultations with the family (Becker, 2016). The discussions with the family could also expose cues to other possible medications that Tom might have used in the past. Nevertheless, the plan should ensure that the wishes of Tom as the patient are respected, and the nursing professionalism is maintained throughout the process. Conclusion The management of Tom is surrounded by cultural, ethical and legal dilemmas. The goals of the management of Tom should include alleviation of the symptoms he experiences, and the fostering of an appropriate spiritual and physical environment for the transition. There is need to establish a proper communication channel with the family members that might provide useful hints in the management of the patient. The shared decision-making process with the family members would provide a realistic appreciation of the probable risks and benefits of the treatment options. It would also help the family to make informed decisions on the potential outcomes. References Becker, R., 2016.Fundamental Aspects of Palliative Care Nursing 2nd Edition: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Student Nurses(Vol. 3). Andrews UK Limited. Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016.Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Crawley, L. and Koffman, J., 2015. Ethnic and cultural aspects of palliative care.Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, p.84. Duggleby, W., Kuchera, S., MacLeod, R., Holyoke, P., Scott, T., Holtslander, L., Letendre, A., Moeke-Maxwell, T., Burhansstipanov, L. and Chambers, T., 2015. Indigenous people's experiences at the end of life.Palliative supportive care,13(6), pp.1721-1733. Hohler, A.D. and FAAN, M., 2017. Shared decision making. Johnston, G., Vukic, A. and Parker, S., 2013. Cultural understanding in the provision of supportive and palliative care: perspectives in relation to an indigenous population.BMJ supportive palliative care,3(1), pp.61-68. Kamal, A.H., Maguire, J.M., Wheeler, J.L., Currow, D.C. and Abernethy, A.P., 2012. Dyspnea review for the palliative care professional: treatment goals and therapeutic options.Journal of palliative medicine,15(1), pp.106-114. Kelley, A.S. and Morrison, R.S., 2015. Palliative care for the seriously ill.New England Journal of Medicine,373(8), pp.747-755. Lau, P., Pyett, P., Burchill, M., Furler, J., Tynan, M., Kelaher, M. and Liaw, S.T., 2012. Factors influencing access to urban general practices and primary health care by Aboriginal AustraliansA qualitative study.AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples,8(1), pp.66-84. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach(p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Panaretto, K.S., Wenitong, M., Button, S. and Ring, I.T., 2014. Aboriginal community controlled health services: leading the way in primary care.The Medical Journal of Australia,200(11), pp.649-652. Shahid, S., Bessarab, D., van Schaik, K.D., Aoun, S.M. and Thompson, S.C., 2013. Improving palliative care outcomes for Aboriginal Australians: service providers perspectives.BMC palliative care,12(1), p.26.

Liko Essay Example

Liko Paper Results Reporter| | Out of 10 questions, you answered 5 correctly with a final grade of 50%| | | | | | 5 correct (50%)| | | | 5 incorrect (50%)| | | | 0 unanswered (0%)| | | Your Results:| The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . | - Top of Form | 1 CORRECT| | Value is the customers perception of all of the benefits of a product or service weighed against all the costs of acquiring and consuming it. The mileage of a car would be considered as a(n):| | | A)| functional benefit. | | | B)| experiential benefit. | | | C)| social benefit. | | | D)| psychological benefit. | | E)| internal benefit. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Hard LO: 01-01 Topic: The Role of Marketing Blooms: Apply AACSB: Reflective Thinking Page: 07 Value is the customers perception of all of the benefits of a product or service weighed against all the costs of acquiring and consuming it. Benefits can be functional (the performance of the product), experiential (what it feels like to use the product) , and/or psychological (feelings such as self-esteem or status that result from owning a particular brand). | | 2 INCORRECT| | How did integrated marketing communications (IMC) revolutionize the role of marketing? | | A)| It shifted marketplace power from retailers to manufacturers. | | | B)| It led to increasing dependence on the advertising element of the promotion mix. | | | C)| It led to the rapid growth and development of database marketing. | | | D)| It created a lessening need for advertising agencies to be accountable for their actions. | | | E)| It shifted marketing expenditure from non-traditional to traditional media advertising. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Easy LO: 01-03 Topic: Reasons for the Growing Importance of IMC Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Page: 14 Major characteristics of this marketing revolution include: the growth and development of database marketing. Many companies now have extensive databases containing customer names; geographic, demographic, and psychographic profiles, purchase patterns; media preferences, credit and other financial information; and other relevant characteristics. | | 3 CORRECT| | Which of the following statements is true about branding? | | | A)| Organizations should not provide the same level of promotion to brands during recessions as they do during times of prosperity. | | | B)| A well-known brand has a competitive advantage in the market. | | C)| Companies trying to sell their products internationally do not benefit from having a strong brand name. | | | D)| The appeal of recognized brand names is declining. | | | E)| Many organizations view the process of creating and maintaining a strong brand as a liability. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Medium LO: 01-03 Topic: The Role of IMC in Branding B looms: Understand AACSB: Analytic Page: 15 With more and more products and services competing for consideration by customers who have less and less time to make choices, well-known brands have a major competitive advantage in todays marketplace. | 4 CORRECT| | ____ advertising would focus on creating a demand for MilkBone, a brand of dog biscuits, among consumers. | | | A)| Selective-demand| | | B)| Direct| | | C)| Trade| | | D)| Primary-demand| | | E)| Secondary-demand| | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Hard LO: 01-04 Topic: Advertising Blooms: Analyze AACSB: Reflective Thinking Page: 20 Refer: Figure 1-4 Primary-demand advertising is designed to stimulate demand for the general product class or entire industry. Selective-demand advertising focuses on creating demand for a specific companys brands. | 5 INCORRECT| | The ad for Gills onions in Fresh Cut, a publication for people in the grocery business, encouraged store managers to stock up on the product. The ad is an example of _____ advertising. | | | A)| consumer| | | B)| trade| | | C)| cooperative| | | D)| comparative| | | E)| primary demand| | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Hard LO: 01-04 Topic: Advertising Blooms: Analyze AACSB: Reflective Thinking Page: 20 Refer: Figure 1-4 Advertising targeted to marketing channel members such as wholesalers, distributors, and retailers. We will write a custom essay sample on Liko specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Liko specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Liko specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The goal is to encourage channel members to stock, promote, and resell the manufacturers branded products to their customers. | | 6 INCORRECT| | Several years ago, consumers could get a free Bart Simpson watch if they collected and mailed in three Universal Product Codes from boxes of Kelloggs cereal. Which element of integrated marketing communications was being used in this case? | | | A)| Sponsorship| | | B)| Interactive marketing| | | C)| Direct-order advertising| | | D)| Sales promotion| | | E)| Exchange advertising| | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Hard LO: 01-04 Topic: Sales Promotion Blooms: Analyze AACSB: Reflective Thinking Page: 23 Sales promotionis generally defined as those marketing activities that provide extra value or incentives to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumer and can stimulate immediate sales. | | 7 CORRECT| | SoBe beverages was a major sponsor of the Gravity Games, which included contestants performing 360-degree turns in mid-air while on motorcycles, competitive skateboarding, and other extreme sports. By co-sponsoring this event, SoBe was indulging in:| | | A)| trade advertising. | | | B)| direct marketing. | | | C)| personal selling. | | D)| primary-demand advertising. | | | E)| public relations. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Hard LO: 01-04 Topic: Publicity Blooms: Analyze AACSB: Reflective Thinking Page: 25 Public relations uses publicity and a variety of other tools-including special publications, participation in community activities, fund-raising, sponsorship of special events, and various public affairs activi ties-to enhance an organizations image. | | 8 CORRECT| | Advertisements, websites, press releases, brochures and point-of-purchase displays are all examples of:| | | A)| intrinsic touch points. | | B)| company created touch points. | | | C)| consumer created touch points. | | | D)| unexpected touch points. | | | E)| extrinsic touch points. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Easy LO: 01-05 Topic: IMC involves Audience Contacts Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Page: 26 Company created touch points are planned marketing communication messages created by the company such as advertisements, websites, news/press releases, packaging, brochures and collateral material, sale promotions, and point-of-purchase displays along with other types of in-store decor. | | 9 INCORRECT| | During an internal analysis conducted for the creation of the marketing plan of PSA Peugeot Citroen, Europes second-biggest car manufacturer, the company would have discovered:| | | A)| a potential market in the United States. | | | B)| the image of the company as an efficient manufacturer. | | | C)| how competition from Volkswagen is impacting the companys growth. | | | D)| untapped target markets. | | | E)| the current demographic trends in the environment. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Medium LO: 01-06 Topic: Promotional Program Situation Analysis Blooms: Remember and Understand AACSB: Analytic Page: 29 Another aspect of the internal analysis is assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the firm or the brand from an image perspective. Often the image a firm brings to the market will have a significant impact on the way the firm can advertise and promote itself as well as its various products and services. | | 10 INCORRECT| | The external analysis (done for the creation of the marketing plan) of the situational analysis would examine:| | | A)| the image of the company or the brand. | | | B)| the characteristics and buying patterns of the firms ustomers. | | | C)| the firms ability to implement the promotional program. | | | D)| the selection and evaluation of the ad agency. | | | E)| the results of the previous marketing plan. | | | | | | Feedback: Difficulty: Easy LO: 01-06 Topic: Promotional Program Situation Analysis Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Page: 32 An important part of the external analysis is a detailed consideration of customers characteristics and buying patterns, their decision processes, and factors influencing their purchase decisions. | Bottom of Form

Moral and ethical issues associated with recombinant technology Essay Example

Moral and ethical issues associated with recombinant technology Essay Example Moral and ethical issues associated with recombinant technology Essay Moral and ethical issues associated with recombinant technology Essay The ideal life for all human beings, where they could live without diseases, with plenty of food, comfortable enviroment and without any struggle for the facilities of life, may be called heaven, the concept of which is provided by all religions of the world. The present enviroment of human beings has been tremendously improved than the earlier civilizations due to a lot of scientific advancement and progress for human comforts. But the diseases and illnesses are still making life problematic for the human race. Russo and cove (ref no 3) stated that there are more than 2000 different genetic diseases causing the sufferings of humans. Some of these genetically inherited disease commonly observed are downs syndrome, cancer, schizophrenia and colour-blindness. The science of genetic engineering may perform wonderful miracles to overcome these diseases in the humans and will cause the revolution in maintaining the health, according to the concept of heaven. This idea provides the moral obligations and ethical concepts for the promotion of genetic engineering researches. The genetical engineering can be a source to produce genetically modified animals to obtain better quality of meat and milk, and genetically modified plants to obtain better agricultural products. The branch of genetically engineering known as plant biotechnology can be useful in plants breeders to improve the crops yield, to provide resistance against diseases, resistance to unfavourable conditions like draught and frost, to enable plants to produce oil substitution for the fossil fuels to reduce the amount of chemicals used by farmers to grow the crops and improve the quality of food by increasing nutritional values and protecting animals and humans from the diseases.(ref no 2) The plants tissue culture is the cultivation of plant tissues on specially formulated nutrients enriched media. They can grow at room temperature in very small places. The genetic engineering is useful to produce vegetables such as tomatoes, potatoes etc which can retain their quality and taste for a longer period of time. (ref no 6) The mapping of chromosomes would be a great achievement for identifying the precise location of every gene and will develop new gene therapy treatments (ref no 2) and most likely the hospitals will not need so many medicines used today. The genetic engineering may produce several enzymes prepared in the human body and may be useful for use in the deficiency of these enzyme needed by the human body such as insulin very use full for the human body. (ref no 5) The main disadvantages of the gene technology may be the mutation of transgressive bacteria or the viruses escaping from the genetically modified crops, such as weeds etc. The setting up of evolutionary process of the transgressive organisms that could harm the enviroment population of transgenic organisms could upset the balance of nature, objections to specific transgressive organisms by religious groups and the gene screening could lead to the discrimination against individuals.(ref no 2) The moral and ethical issues of recombinant technology worry a lot about tampering with genes. We have the power to create the new life forms with genetic engineering but we dont know what the hidden costs of interfering with evolution might be, so far no harm seems to have come from releasing genetically manipulated organisms (gmos) into the enviroment. These have been mainly microbes designed to protect plants from diseases and forests from damage. Gmos have marker gene engineered in their genome so their spread can easily be tackled. This idea was given by aldridge. (ref no 1) But however safe Gmos turn out to be there are still difficult ethical problems to be faced. The product of genetic engineering is new life forms but no one is really sure that they can or should be patented. The first patented life form was the oncomouse produced at Harvard University. Patenting the Harvard mouse has caused the storm of controversy and confusion in Europe, which is causing investors to hold back from biotechnology. The attempt by some USA scientists to patent human genes the result of their work on human genomes has led to similar difficulties Many people say that the whole issue of patenting gives the genetic engineering a poor public image and undermines human dignity.(ref no 1) There is also an issue of gene plunder to be considered. Once the genes of useful plants are taken from the developing countries these could be cloned in the cells and products made in western countries. This could damage the income from the cash crops such as coffee in the countries where these plants were originated. (ref no 1) Now a days the pigs heart are transplanted into humans that can cause different genetic diseases in humans from the pigs and could have very dangerous effects on the human society. (ref no 7) It is interesting to discuss the ethics of reproductive human cloning. The first cloned child would be human experiment. They would be biological experiments with grave risks of physical and mental genetic deformity. They would be experiments on human identity, they would be experiments in genetic programming and design, and they would be experiments in family and social life confusing the relationships with in the family and between the generations. A cloned child will be at risk of psychic and social harm. He may suffer confusion of social identity in society and may become dangerous for the human society. (ref no 3) The history of eugenics is interesting as this movement began in late 1800 s the eugenic movement can be revived due to genetic inventions and can be very dangerous to the nation so called inferior genes and may cause a disaster for the future of human civilisation. (ref no 4) The progress in the science of genetic technology can be used for better living of human beings against most of the diseases and may be called a blessing for humans. on the other hand gene technology can also be used as a powerful weapon to eradicate less powerful ethnic groups in several ways therefore it is very important that all the universities and colleges and educational institutes of the world must especially teach moral and ethical values to the scientists to use genetic technology as a blessing rather than disguise.

Abstract Nouns from Adjectives

Abstract Nouns from Adjectives Abstract Nouns from Adjectives Abstract Nouns from Adjectives By Maeve Maddox Abstract nouns may be formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -ness: happy/ happiness, sad/sadness, kind/kindness, cheerful/cheerfulness. However, a large group of adjectives have distinct nouns that do not require a formation with -ness or any other suffix. A common stylistic fault is to add the -ness ending to adjectives that already have corresponding noun forms. For example, the adjective humble has the corresponding noun humility, but many English speakers don’t seem to be aware of it and write â€Å"humbleness† instead. Here are a few examples from the web that illustrate the unnecessary use of –ness to form abstract nouns: I admire his courageousness on choosing a role that was really hard to portray She believed that pride and lack of humbleness was against the teaching of the Bible. Politicians Need More  Humbleness A real story made me to realize that i have hidden my braveness so many days inside me. This emphasis on responsibleness is reflected in the categorical imperative of logotherapy Developing Moral Responsibleness Through Professional Education (title of book written by a professor of educational psychology) Hey guys she said coyly, using the maximum of her sexiness and intelligentness. I wondered at my luckiness Here are several additional adjective/abstract noun pairs that seem to have escaped the notice of many journalists and bloggers: angry/anger anxious/anxiety beautiful/beauty brave/bravery chaotic/chaos compassionate/compassion courageous/ courage  Ã‚  Ã‚   curious/curiosity deceitful/deceit evil/evil generous/generosity humorous/humor imaginative/imagination intelligent/intelligence jealous/jealousy joyful/joy loyal/loyalty lucky/luck luxurious/luxury mature/maturity opinionated/opinion painful/pain peculiar/peculiarity responsible/responsibility romantic/romance sane/sanity sensitive/sensitivity sorrowful/sorrow strong/strength stupid/stupidity successful/success sympathetic/sympathy tolerant/tolerance warm/warmth wise/wisdom witty/wit Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisGrammatical Case in English

Discussion week 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion week 5 - Assignment Example Bear Stearns were also in contention as confidence in consumer markets also plummeted. This was another huge blow as it has been in business for a long time. Due to unemployment rates declining, consumer spending as mentioned in this article have slowly been increased. This was a swirling effect as the housing market was bundled and sold as mortgages. These toxic assets became a huge blow because Bear Stearn itself was borrowing money for these assets. This could have been rectified via ensuring that individuals were not getting approved for default loans in a hurry. Pre-qualified checks should have been conducted more closely for families that cannot pay big mortgages. Ethically, it was wrong for the banks and other stakeholders to approve these individuals of the loan and let moral hazard be a risk. This was a responsibility of the banks that got greedy because of the housing interest and the notion of real estate. Before attempting to address this questions, one must understand that corporate responsibility is a holistic approach that all companies must adhere to. It is clear that employees in companies have a lot of power in the community and hence must adhere to people that work for them. Additionally, they control a lot of assets, and may have billions in cash at their disposal for socially conscious investments and

Impact of Technology on Society Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Impact of Technology on Society - Research Paper Example In the process of the advancement of technology, the equipments and the methodology became simpler and more user friendly. For instance, the fixed landline equipments which were heavy were replaced with wireless and mobile phones which are light and portable. The environmental, social, economic and political implications of telephone as a technology on the society have been large. This essay aims to analyze the impact of telephone on the society with reference to the environment, economics, and politics of the society. 1.1. The Background After the invention of telephone in 1876, by early 1900, telephone signals were successfully sent between close by cities (NAE, 2013). The invention of vacuum diode by Sir John Ambrose Fleming was a turning point in the history of telephony. A major milestone in the technology was the first transcontinental call which was made in the year 1915 (NAE, 2013).Though there were portable versions of phones which were used in vehicles right from 1940s, it was in the year 1973 that the first fully portable version phone was made by Martin Cooper for the Motorola Company (NAE, 2013). Later in mid 1990s, following other innovations in the technology, Voice over Internet Protocol, which made voice call using internet was invented. This, along with other innovations changed the whole user perspective towards telephones. Today, mobile phones have become hubs for a wide range of activities and transactions. Through these innovations the technology of telephony has largely influenced the society. 2. Society before telephones Before the telephones were invented one of the first medium through which the society was connected across long distances was through letters. Letters of course took long days to reach the destination and also involved complex administrative procedures. There has to be regularly operating establishments at both the receiver and the sender ends to make sure that the letter reaches the right destination. As it took time th e major disadvantage was that the communication could not keep up with time. For instance, an elaborate communication which is urgent in nature could not be done through letters as there is the possibility that the relevance of the information contained in the letter could go outdated within the time that the letter takes to reach the destination. However, letters were known for its emotional value. Fictional literatures have elaborately dealt with the psychological content associated with letters. In fact letters were known for its expressive nature. There were other means of faster communication in the pre telephone era. Telegrams and technologies like Morse codes were utilized to facilitate faster communication. The whole concept of privacy and personal space was challenged after the penetration of mobile phones into the society. Before individuals had their own portable phones, they all enjoyed a personal space which they themselves could decide. With their mobile phones switche d on, the users share a public space more than their personal space. The mobile version of the telephone technology has changed the politics, economics and social structure of the society to a large extend. Before mobile telephony, there were no tall receiver towers radiating harmful radiations into the

The Effects of Space Exploration on Modern Society Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Space Exploration on Modern Society Essay Space exploration has been increasing greatly in the last 50 years. It has allowed us to understand the greatness of the universe and the endless possibilities it offers us. Our planet, Earth, is inhabited by approximately 6 billion humans. This is well over our natural carrying capacity (the amount of resources there are to sustain our population) but with techniques such as farming, we have manipulated our resources to provide us with enough food, but alternate solutions are needed. The Cold War was when the space exploration significantly advanced, with the political competition between U. S.A and the U.S.S.R., where the two nations invested highly on technologies to see who could win the space-race. Artificial satellites, a man made device that orbits around Earth or other planets, came along at about 1951, when the Russians launched Sputnik 1 into orbit around Earth. Since then, satellites have developed technologically and now they are so widely used, that almost everyones benefiting from them in everyday life. Through space exploration, a lot has been learnt about Earth and space. When the Hubble Space Telescope was fully operational in 1993, it allowed us to observe our galaxy in ways that were impossible from Earth. Orbiting observatories such as the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) and the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) also contributed to the study of the stars, galaxies and the structure of the universe. These have all brought back images of previously unknown galaxies and stars, and also have increased our awareness of black holes. Several probes have been sent out from Earth, and collected information about the atmospheres of the planets in our solar system. Scientist and environmentalists have learnt a great deal about our planet. With the help of satellites, they can now easily find facts about deforestation, pollution, global warming and climates, giving mankind a broader understanding of our own planet. Space exploration has brought countless benefits to the people. Through the research of NASA , space exploration has indirectly provided us with Compact discs, special UV protection suits for people who can not be exposed to the sun and metal alloys which are now used for aeroplanes, sports equipment and trains. I believe that satellites have been the greatest compensation from the money invested in space exploration. There are currently over 2,200  operational satellites orbiting the Earth, most of them, profiting the people. There are three types of satellites; GPSs, Reconnaissance and Telecommunication satellites. Reconnaissance satellites are the ones that orbit most closely to the Earth, and are equipped with high resolution cameras. More sophisticated Reconnaissance satellites are the spy cameras, which can capture full motion pictures of the Earth. These types of satellites are also sometimes integrated with special sensors for heat, infra-red and ultra-violet; these have very beneficial utilities such as for meteorology. Meteorological satellites have given us the ability to predict weather like never before. Not only is it used for people to know the future temperatures, its also very useful for navigational purposes for ships and aeroplanes, whos pilots can now travel through a safer routes. Another fantastic technology that satellites have given us is the GPS (Global Positioning System). The GPS provides the user with accurate information of their latitude, longitude and velocity, and it was initially designed for military use, but the commerce has found various new applications for the GPS. If a car fitted with the GPS was to be stolen, the company can constantly monitor the location of the vehicle. Some police cars now have GPSs, so in future emergencies, the station would be able to contact the closest police vehicle via radio. Telecommunication satellites communicate by sending each other communicational signals, and therefore being able to send them to any part of the world. Mobile phones, modern television and the internet all depend on telecommunication satellites. Third world countries very probably will oppose space exploration. The rich, who can invest, will only make more money exploring space, increasing the bridge between the poor; while the money could be invested on the development of our own Earth. Other who oppose space exploration could argue that the possible dangers that the unexplored space holds for us, could lead to deaths and losses if not approached with caution. The U.S. governments spends billions of Dollars annually on space exploration. While some of it is a true necessity (i.e. satellites maintenance), I believe that it is mostly avoidable. The money spent on research of other planets could be redirected the problems in our world. Why  go searching for more space, when there is plenty to do here? However, I believe that just the possible future advantages outweigh the drawbacks. Space exploration is a promising solution to the upcoming threat of over population. With the estimated figure of 9 billion humans on earth by the next three decades, mankind needs to find additional resources elsewhere. On the other hand, people may believe that controlling the population is a more viable solution than trying to support its increasing numbers. Space exploration has also provided us with technologies that save lives, such as the prediction of natural hazards such as hurricanes and typhoons. Space exploration has already modified our life styles, simplifying complicated tasks and automating long tedious work. I believe that space exploration should definitely continue. Space holds danger, asteroids have hit earth before, and they will again. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist. Space allows us to expand and succeed. Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.

Childhood Conduct Disorder Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Introduction: A History and Brief Overview of Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a â€Å"repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated† (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at le ast one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be â€Å"misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective† (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics. An interesting distinction between the two subcategories is that those diagnosed with early-onset Conduct Dis... ...004). Childhood Adversity, Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype, and Risk for Conduct Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 738-744. Lahey et al. (2004). Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males from a Clinical Assessment in Childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 389-399. Maughn et al. (2004). Prenatal Smoking and Early Childhood Conduct Problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 836-843. Milich, R., Widiger, T. & Landau, S. (1987). Differential Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder Using Conditional Probabilities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 726-767. Miller, G. E. & Prinz, R. J. (1990). Enhancement of Social Learning Family Interventions for Childhood Conduct Disorder. Psychological Bulletin. Passamonti et al. (2010). Neural Abnormalities in Early-Onset and Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 729-738.

Informative: Basketball and Perfect Jump Shot

pecific purpose: My specific purpose is to inform the audience on â€Å"How to shoot the perfect Jump Shot† in the sport of basketball. I will inform the audience on the correct shooting techniques, basketball shooting mechanics, basketball shooting form and drills to improve your shooting techniques. Thesis: By following and practicing these proper shooting techniques it will improve the amount of baskets you will make. Introduction: 1. Attention getter- interacts with audience (have a couple audience members catch and throw basketball in their idea of correct shooting form). Then proceed to tell them they are all wrong and will not make it far in the basketball career lol (: (joke). 2. Relevance- not only is this to help improve basketball skills this will help with any fitness you desire to participate in if you do not participate in a sport or specifically basketball. It will help with correct form with weight lifting as you bench dumbbell or even squats, even in other sports. So overall you can take a little bit of something specific and it can contribute to everyday life which is pretty interesting. . Establishment of ethos- I have been in athletics all my life and participated in the sports of basketball and track and field. From middle school, high school and even college I been performing this skill over the years in high intensity to try and perfect the perfect jump shot. As I am now pursing to be a well known Personal Trainer it will be great to express and inform such an audience on my knowledge of the perfect jump shot. 4. Thesis- By following and practicing these proper shooting techniques it will improve the amount of askets you will make. 5. Preview- During this presentation I will inform you how to shoot the perfect jump shot by giving you plenty of techniques including shooting mechanics, shooting form and fun drills you can practice to improve this technique. Transition: First I will discuss the basketball shooting technique if you don’t exactly know what that is; it is also known as the correct way to shoot a basketball. Body: 1. Not everyone will shoot the same, and some people might just have the most awkwardness shot and it will fit them and make baskets. But the best shooters in the NBA and WNBA establish the basics when it comes to shooting a basketball. A) According to Brad Winters author of â€Å"How to Shoot the Perfect Jump Shot† he list a detail explanation of the correct shooting techniques in which I will show you myself. He states, â€Å"1. Right foot forward, left foot back 2. Elbow close to and in front of body 3. Fingertips centered on the ball 4. Cock your hand so you can see wrinkles behind your wrist 5. The straightening of your arm will naturally bring the fingers directly behind the ball for the release and follow through 6. The basketball is brought to a position in front of the face right eye and left shoulder and high enough to see goal, teammates, defenders etc. † 2. With the proper skill set and consistent practice will you actually have a better percentage? B) If you have heard of Michael Jordan, he is the best player who has ever set foot on a basketball court and is a well know legend, will agre e that the correct shooting techniques will make a difference. C) According to Michael Jordan it’s all about the B. E. E. F. Balance, eyes, elbow and follow through. Michael Jordan Stats, â€Å"It’s important to shoot the ball the same way every single time, balance yourself with having your knees bent and one foot in front of the other, keep your eyes on the basket specifically in front of the rim, have your elbow close to and in front to protect the ball and once you rise up your follow through needs a flick of the wrist and a arc†. Transition: Correct shooting techniques is clearly needed in order to perfect the perfect jump shot. As Michael Jordan says, you have to shoot the ball the same way every time and once you get the proper techniques down your percentage will go up drastically. Next I will like to discuss Basketball Shooting Mechanics. 1. The difference between shooting technique and mechanics is that mechanics uses math and a little physics. A) 7 tips to improve your shooting mechanics by, Jeff Haefner gives you insight on the correct shooting mechanics that elevate your shooting technique (form) but I will list 3 that is the most important to me. Your feet need to be shoulder-width apart. Your knees should be slightly bent. If you like a stance that’s more open, then your shooting foot should be forward and your non-shooting foot trailing behind. If you like a stance that’s more square, then both of your feet should be facing the basket. -Make sure the ball is released before you reach the top of your jump. Your legs generate up force, so use them! You should always land in the same sp ot that you left. -When you shoot, the ball should start going right up with no dipping. Your elbow needs to be right under the ball, and your shooting hand needs to be in direct line to the rim. The ball needs to stay in front of you and should not go behind your head at all. Your body should release all with the shot: your legs, your core, and your arm all coordinated with one graceful movement. Your elbow and wrist should expand in a straight line to the basket. Transition: Shooting mechanics is another important aspect that goes into shooting the perfect jump shot, it is easy to slip into bad habits and the more you do a bad habit the deeper it will be ingrained and BECOME your mechanic. So practice is needed the more repetition the better you will become, now that you have your shooting fundamentals and shooting mechanics down. Now it’s time to have fun. SHOOTING DRILLS!! (: 1. A fun way to practice these techniques and mechanics is shooting drills, shooting drills that include fun but most of all repetition, game like intensity and put your knowledge and body to test. A) Ray Allen is considered one of the purest shooters in NBA history and leads the league all time in three pointers made. Strictly skills basketball . com lists some of Ray Allen’s workouts, drills and pre game rituals he does to improve his shooting. B) List of drills to do: The 2 minute challenge- The Ray Allen drill is meant to be a 2:00 timed drill to force accuracy and make you shoot under pressure. Do it several times to work on your conditioning and your shot. You must have a partner in order to do it for time, but it can also be done individually without the time component. The Elbow drill- Run to elbow to elbow and make 10 baskets on each side, will need a partner to rebound and pass the ball to you and has to be fast paced game like motion. The shoot and retreat drill- You will also need a partner to rebound and pass for you; you will run full speed to a pass and rise for a jump shot and the retreat back on defense. This drill will help with your form under the circumstances of recovering after you retreat; conditioning and shooting form will be tested in this drill once you are tired. Transition: As you can see, perfecting the perfect jump shot requires a lot of hard work but once you have your fundamentals and mechanics down it will be fun to practice them in drills and in games which will improve your percentage of baskets going in the hoop. Conclusion: 1. Signal: Correct shooting techniques, basketball shooting mechanics, basketball shooting form and drills to improve your shooting techniques. 2. Review: Not only is this to help improve basketball skills and your perfect jump shot this will help with any fitness you desire to participate in. 3. Tie back to audience: I been performing this skill over the years in high intensity to try and perfect the perfect jump shot. It will improve your percentage of baskets made which will make your game more unstoppable, not only am I pursuing to be a great basketball athlete, it has come in handy with personal training. 4. Conclusion remarks: I hope you all experienced an â€Å"ahh I get it† moment in your head, or at least learned something new, it is fairly easy the only thing that is hard is putting in the time and if you are serious about your perfect jump shot time shouldn’t matter it’s a dedication sport.

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Two

I climbed out onto the roof through my bedroom window and looked back at Hickory. â€Å"Hand me those binoculars,† I said. It did – and then climbed out the window with me. Since you've probably never seen it I'll have you know it's a pretty impressive sight to watch an Obin unfold itself to get through a window. Very graceful, with no real analogue to any human movement you might want to describe. The universe, it has aliens in it. And they are. (Obin: â€Å"it,† not â€Å"he† or â€Å"she.† Because they're hermaphrodites. That means male and female sex organs. Go ahead and have your giggle. I'll wait. Okay, done? Good.) Hickory was on the roof with me; Dickory was outside the house, more or less spotting me in case I should trip or feel suddenly despondent, and then fall or leap off the roof. This is their standard practice when I climb out my window: one with me, one on the ground. And they're obvious about it; when I was a little kid Mom or Dad would see Dickory blow out the door and hang around just below the roof, and then yell up the stairs for me to get back into my room. Having paranoid alien pals has a downside. For the record: I've never fallen off the roof. Well, once. When I was ten. But there were extenuating circumstances. That doesn't count. Anyway, I didn't have to worry about either John or Jane telling me to get back into the house this time. They stopped doing that when I became a teenager. Besides, they were the reason I was up on the roof in the first place. â€Å"There they are,† I said, and pointed for Hickory's benefit. Mom and Dad and my green friend were standing in the middle of our sorghum field, a few hundred meters out. I raised my binoculars and they went from being hash marks to being actual people. Green man had his back to me, but he was saying something, because both Jane and John were looking at him intently. There was a rustle at Jane's feet, and then Babar popped up his head. Mom reached down to scratch him. â€Å"I wonder what he's talking to them about,† I said. â€Å"They're too far away,† Hickory said. I turned to it to make a comment along the lines of no kidding, genius. Then I saw the consciousness collar around its neck and was reminded that in addition to providing Hickory and Dickory with sentience – with their idea of who they were – their collars also gave them expanded senses, which were mostly devoted to keeping me out of trouble. I was also reminded that their consciousness collars were why they were here in the first place. My father – my biological father – created them for the Obin. I was also reminded that they were why I was here, too. Still here, I mean. Alive. But I didn't go down that road of thought. â€Å"I thought those things were useful,† I said, pointing to the collar. Hickory lightly touched the collar. â€Å"The collars do many things,† it said. â€Å"Enabling us to hear a conversation hundreds of meters away, and in the middle of a grain field, is not one of them.† â€Å"So you're useless,† I said. Hickory nodded its head. â€Å"As you say,† it said, in its noncommittal way. â€Å"It's no fun mocking you,† I said. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Hickory said. And the thing of it was, Hickory really was sorry. It's not easy being a funny, sarcastic thing when most of who you were depended on a machine you wore around your neck. Generating one's own prosthetic identity takes more concentration than you might expect. Managing a well-balanced sense of sarcasm above and beyond that is a little much to ask for. I reached over and gave Hickory a hug. It was a funny thing. Hickory and Dickory were here for me; to know me, to learn from me, to protect me, and if need be to die for me. And here I was, feeling protective of them, and feeling a little sad for them, too. My father – my biological father – gave them consciousness, something the Obin had lacked and had been searching for, for the entire history of their species. But he didn't make consciousness easy for them. Hickory accepted my hug and tentatively touched my head; it can be shy when I'm suddenly demonstrative. I took care not to lay it on too thick with the Obin. If I get too emotional it can mess up their consciousness. They're sensitive to when I get overwrought. So I backed up and then looked toward my parents again with the binoculars. Now John was saying something, with one of his patented half-cocked smiles. His smile erased when our visitor started talking again. â€Å"I wonder who he is,† I said. â€Å"He is General Samuel Rybicki,† Hickory said. This got another glance back from me. â€Å"How do you know that?† I said. â€Å"It is our business to know about who visits you and your family,† Hickory said, and touched its collar again. â€Å"We queried him the moment he landed. Information about him is in our database. He is a liaison between your Civil Defense Forces and your Department of Colonization. He coordinates the protection of your new colonies.† â€Å"Huckleberry isn't a new colony,† I said. It wasn't; it had been colonized for fifty or sixty years by the time we arrived. More than enough time to flatten out all the scary bumps new colonies face, and for the human population to become too big for invaders to scrape off the planet. Hopefully. â€Å"What do you think he wants from my parents?† I asked. â€Å"We don't know,† Hickory said. â€Å"He didn't say anything to you while he was waiting for John and Jane to show up?† I said. â€Å"No,† Hickory said. â€Å"He kept to himself.† â€Å"Well, sure,† I said. â€Å"Probably because you scared the crap out of him.† â€Å"He left no feces,† Hickory said. I snorted. â€Å"I sometimes question your alleged lack of humor,† I said. â€Å"I meant he was too intimidated by you to say anything.† â€Å"We assumed that was why you had us stay with him,† Hickory said. â€Å"Well, yeah,† I said. â€Å"But if I knew he was a general, maybe I wouldn't have given him such a hard time.† I pointed to my parents. â€Å"I don't want them getting any grief because I thought it would be fun to mess with this guy's head.† â€Å"I think someone of his rank would not come all this way to be deterred by you,† Hickory said. A list of snappy retorts popped in my head, begging to be used. I ignored them all. â€Å"You think he's here on some serious mission?† I asked. â€Å"He is a general,† Hickory said. â€Å"And he is here.† I looked back through the binoculars again. General Rybicki – as I now knew him – had turned just a bit, and I could see his face a little more clearly. He was talking to Jane, but then turned a bit to say something to Dad. I lingered on Mom for a minute. Her face was locked up tight; whatever was going on, she wasn't very happy about it. Mom turned her head a bit and suddenly she was looking directly at me, like she knew I was watching her. â€Å"How does she do that?† I said. When Jane was Special Forces, she had a body that was even more genetically modified than the ones regular soldiers got. But like Dad, when she left the service, she got put into a normal human body. She's not superhuman anymore. She's just scary observant. Which is close to the same thing. I didn't get away with much of anything growing up. Her attention turned back to General Rybicki, who was addressing her again. I looked up at Hickory. â€Å"What I want to know is why they're talking in the sorghum field,† I said. â€Å"General Rybicki asked your parents if there was someplace they could speak in private,† Hickory said. â€Å"He indicated in particular that he wanted to speak away from Dickory and me.† â€Å"Were you recording when you were with him?† I asked. Hickory and Dickory had recording devices in their collars that recorded sounds, images and emotional data. Those recordings were sent back to other Obin, so they could experience what it's like to have quality time with me. Odd? Yes. Intrusive? Sometimes, but not usually. Unless I start thinking about it, and then I focus on the fact that, why yes, an entire alien race got to experience my puberty through the eyes of Hickory and Dickory. There's nothing like sharing menarche with a billion hermaphrodites. I think it was everyone's first time. â€Å"We were not recording with him,† Hickory said. â€Å"Okay, good,† I said. â€Å"I'm recording now,† Hickory said. â€Å"Oh. Well, I'm not sure you should be,† I said, waving out toward my parents. â€Å"I don't want them getting in trouble.† â€Å"This is allowed under our treaty with your government,† Hickory said. â€Å"We're allowed to record all you allow us to record, and to report everything that we experience. My government knew that General Rybicki had visited the moment Dickory and I sent our data query. If General Rybicki wanted his visit to remain secret, he should have met your parents elsewhere.† I chose not to dwell on the fact that significant portions of my life were subject to treaty negotiation. â€Å"I don't think he knew you were here,† I said. â€Å"He seemed surprised when I sicced you on him.† â€Å"His ignorance of us or of the Obin treaty with the Colonial Union is not our problem,† Hickory said. â€Å"I guess not,† I said, a little out of sorts. â€Å"Would you like me to stop recording?† Hickory asked. I could hear the tremble on the edge of its voice. If I wasn't careful about how I showed my annoyance I could send Hickory into an emotional cascade. Then it'd have what amounted to a temporary nervous breakdown right there on the roof. That'd be no good. He could fall off and snap his snaky little neck. â€Å"It's fine,† I said, and I tried to sound more conciliatory than I really felt. â€Å"It's too late now anyway.† Hickory visibly relaxed; I held in a sigh and gazed down at my shoes. â€Å"They're coming back to the house,† Hickory said, and motioned toward my parents. I followed its hand; my parents and General Rybicki were indeed heading back our way. I thought about going back into the house but then I saw Mom look directly at me, again. Yup, she'd seen me earlier. The chances were pretty good she knew we had been up there all that time. Dad didn't look up the entire walk back. He was already lost in thought. When that happened it was like the world collapsing in around him; he didn't see anything else until he was done dealing with what he was dealing with. I suspected I wouldn't see much of him tonight. As they cleared the sorghum field, General Rybicki stopped and shook Dad's hand; Mom kept herself out of handshaking distance. Then he headed back toward his floater. Babar, who had followed the three of them into the field, broke off toward the general to get in one last petting. He got it after the general got to the floater, then padded back to the house. The floater opened its door to let the general in. The general stopped, looked directly at me, and waved. Before I could think what I was doing, I waved right back. â€Å"That was smart,† I said to myself. The floater, General Rybicki inside, winged off, taking him back where he came from. What do you want with us, General? I thought, and surprised myself by thinking â€Å"us.† But it only made sense. Whatever he wanted with my parents, I was part of it too.

Individual Journal Entry The WritePass Journal

Individual Journal Entry Introduction: Individual Journal Entry ). Hence, while both generic protection strategies and legal protection strategies provide cover for a firm who is aiming to keep an idea or concept within their own realm, they are not always reliable. While legal protection may be an automatic right or a paid right as in the form of a patent, it does no guarantee that imitation will be prevented. It only means that the legal right holder has the ability to press charges on a firm who violates their right. This, however, does not eliminate all the loss incurred to the firm because of the infringement. Hence, protecting intellectual property in the contemporary world is a rather difficult ordeal (Simcoe et al, 2009).   Lecture 6:   Innovation and Entrepreneurship Innovation and entrepreneurship are two connected concepts which survive with one another.   When an individual comes up with an innovative idea and seeks to find a market for it, the individual becomes an entrepreneur.   There are various reasons for an individual to choose to become an entrepreneur as there are several benefits of becoming an entrepreneur. However, there may also be numerous reasons an individual may not choose to be an entrepreneur. The role of an entrepreneur is not easy and is highly self-sufficient. Thus, everybody does not possess the characteristics necessary for this role (Wang et al, 2012). An entrepreneur is a person that comes up with an innovative idea and begins a business with it. The entrepreneur is the bearer of all risks and is the owner of the business. In many cases, the entrepreneur may also be the manager of the business or the sole person running the business. However, in many large organizations, entrepreneurs hire additional staff to help facilitate the working process. Nevertheless, there are certain skills required in an entrepreneur in order for the business to be successful. An entrepreneur must be decisive, creative, patient, possess managerial skills, coordinated, and analytical. Moreover, an entrepreneur must be able to face challenges and act quickly in critical situations. Thus, the role of an entrepreneur is highly important and carries high degrees of risk. Many people do not feel that they can deal with such high levels of risk and stress ( Guiso Shivardi, 2011). UK statistics show certain entrepreneurial trends which show that men are two times more likely to become entrepreneurs than women and people in the age range of 35-44 show the highest amounts of entrepreneurial activity. Moreover, the educated class or graduates are more likely to indulge in entrepreneurial activity rather than non-graduates. People who have previously been employed are more likely to indulge in such activity. Also, people who are in the top-third spectrum of the income distribution are three times more likely to begin a business rather than those in the bottom half of the income distribution chart (Sogner Fritsch, 2013). Such characteristics show that entrepreneurship is probably considered a rather intense ordeal as women do not indulge in such activity as much as men. It also shows that entrepreneurial activity requires experience as people in the older age brackets of 35-44 indulge in entrepreneurial activity more than other age groups. Moreover, knowledge and education also helps in entrepreneurial activity which may be a reason why more graduates choose to pursue it rather than non-graduates. Lastly, entrepreneurial activity requires investment and money which may be a reason people in the top spectrum of the income chart are more likely to indulge in entrepreneurial activity rather than lower income groups (Clerq et al, 2012). Thus, it is obvious that entrepreneurship requires a variety of skills and resources. However, there are five characteristics which may influence an individual’s decision to become an entrepreneur. The first characteristic is the need for achievement as engaging in entrepreneurial activity is highly rewarding if success is attained. The second characteristic is the locus of control as some individual’s may want to be in full control of their activity and may not want to share authority with anyone or give anyone authority on themselves. Thus, engaging in entrepreneurial activity enables them to maintain the locus of control (Magri, 2011). The third characteristic is the desire for autonomy as some individuals may prefer to be the sole decision makers and may not feel comfortable working in teams.   Hence, some individuals have the desire for autonomy and thus find entrepreneurial activity as the most suitable option. Some individuals prefer self-efficacy in which they prefer to rely on their own performance rather than the performance of any other person and choose to be self-reliant. Such individuals are also more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activity. The last characteristic is related to innovation as some individuals are highly innovative and prefer to reap profits from their innovative abilities rather than use their skills for another firm. The benefits of entrepreneurial activity include reaping all profits made and amounting to unlimited earnings if the business is a success. Examples such as Mark Zuckerburg, Michael Dell, and Bill Gates illustrate how unlimited profits can be made through innovative ideas. Moreover, entrepreneurial activity allows a person to be their own boss and explore their creative abilities. It also enables a person to design their own job description and pursue a path that is of interest to them. However, there are also certain aspects which cause an individual to choose not to be an entrepreneur (Banon et al, 2011). As entrepreneurs carry all the risk, there are high chances of losing investment and incurring losses. Moreover, it is difficult to attain such amounts of money and raising capital can be a highly time-consuming and stressful job. Entrepreneurs also go through a lot of stress and there is no guarantee of income. There may be times when no income is made. Hence, many people do not possess the characteristics to be able to handle this situation (Zheng et al, 2010). I would choose to be an entrepreneur because it would be a form of self-testing my abilities and being able to solely reap the profits of my success. Unlimited reward is an attractive feature of entrepreneurship, yet I would choose not to be an entrepreneur because of the high possibility of incurring losses as well. Moreover, the autonomy available to entrepreneurs is highly attractive, yet the stress of making wrong decisions can also prove to be highly hazardous. Thus, I would choose not to be an entrepreneur if the risk was high and the industry was highly competitive . Therefore, it is obvious that entrepreneurship is not adequate for everyone but is a highly attractive option for those that possess the required characteristics and have an innovative idea to market.   Hence, entrepreneurship carries its merits and de-merits and the success of the entrepreneur is not only dependent upon his/her own abilities but also depends upon the idea of the entrepreneur.   Choosing whether or not to become an entrepreneur can be a long drawn process in which several aspects are considered and is a personal choice which may vary from person to person. I personally would choose to be an entrepreneur if I had an innovative idea which I knew had high chances of success. Lecture 7: Innovation in Large Organizations Large organizations that attempt to innovate must have supporting organizational structures and organizational cultures that facilitate open communication, maximum interaction, and the exchange of ideas in order to continuously improve previous concepts. However, if the organizational culture and structure do not support innovation and are rather rigid, then it would be difficult for an organization to pursue such goals. Innovation requires brainstorming, open exchange of ideas, and a relaxed organizational culture which promotes the value of innovation. Hence, large organizations must ensure that their systems are designed in order to promote and pursue such values such as open communication, innovation, and a supportive organizational culture as some organizations may find it difficult to change their structure and culture further in their production processes (Zhang et al, 2010). The effectiveness of organizational structure is dependent upon a number of factors which includes the leadership style and philosophy, the organizational culture, internal and external relationships, and processes that facilitate information sharing and decision-making. Thus, these factors must support the notion of innovation within an organization. There are five different types of structures which include functional, multidivisional, matrix, project-based, and a corporate venture (Valencia et al, 2011). The functionalist structure connects the CEO to all departments, reduces complexity and simplifies control mechanisms, defines clear responsibilities, and there are specialists at senior and management levels. However, the functionalist structure reinforces hierarchical structure, causes an overburden to senior staff members,   may be a cause to neglect strategic issues, and makes it difficult to cope with geographical and product diversity. Hence, the functional structure is not highly supportive of innovation as it is no highly customer-oriented and does not facilitate maximum communication between departments. However, the multi-divisional structure is more customer-focused, flexible and alterable, is controllable by performance, and is specialized by competences.   Hence, as each department is highly competitive and focused upon customer needs, this type of organizational structure encourages and promotes innovation more than the functional structure. The matrix structure is another organizational structure which facilitates many departments and allows flexibility, minimizes resource requirements, is customer focused, and facilitates integrated knowledge. Although this structure increases the potential of conflict, ambiguity, and increases the time taken to make decisions, it does allow for cooperation between departments and minimizes costs. However, this may not be the ideal structure to promote innovation. The project-based structure focuses upon a single project per department and is very focused and specialized in its particular area of focus. However, this type of structure only l asts a limited amount of time and prevents interaction throughout the organization. Hence, this type of structure is also not ideally suitable for innovation. The corporate venture creates organizational entities that reside in or outside an existing corporation and infuse entrepreneurial activities in independent entrepreneurial firms. This enables motivation of employees, transparency in the system, and mobilization of the reputation of the brand or the company. This system promotes innovation as it promotes entrepreneurial activities (Valencia et al, 2011). Organizational culture consists of the assumptions, beliefs, and the values that are shared and practiced by all members of an organization. These assumptions, beliefs, and values define an organization and the environment it operates in. Organizational culture facilitates communication within and outside the organization and is very difficult to change once an organization establishes a certain organizational culture.   The organizational culture may include components of the societal or national culture an organization is physically situated in, the leadership and management style of the leader of the organization, and the nature of the business that the organization conducts (Menguc Auh, 2010). An organizational culture which promotes innovation has open communication between employees and managers and usually has a highly interactive and informal organizational culture. Participation in various activities and delegating authority to employees of lower ranks is highly encouraged as organizations must facilitate the exchange of ideas and information. Employees are openly allowed to make choices and decisions in order to devise new strategies and form new ideas for the benefit of the organization.   However, organizational culture is very hard to change once it is established in an organization. Attempts to transform organizational culture fail because as there are eight distinct phases of change, skipping a stage may lead to failure. Making critical mistakes in any stage may also lead to failure and even the most capable people tend to make errors. Changing organizational culture takes time and effort and it is not easy for managers to incorporate the new organizational cu lture within employees in a short period of time (Menguc Auh, 2010). Lacking a vision, improper planning, lack of communication, and not anchoring changes in the corporation’s culture are also causes to the failure of implementing a new organizational culture. Hence, it is highly essential for firms to implement an innovative organizational culture from the initial stages of being in business rather than attempting to change it at later stages (Fiedler Welp, 2010). Promoting innovative values within employees and encouraging or valuing their opinion can prove to be beneficial for a firm favoring innovation. Aiming to change organizational culture at later stages can prove to be hazardous and confusing for employees as they may lose their sense of direction. Thus, the firm may suffer in terms of employee performance and motivation levels may also fail as employees are forced to adopt a new way of behaving in an organization. Large organizations who wish to pursue innovation must ensure that they incorporate this value in their organizational st ructure from the beginning (Linnenleuke Griffiths, 2010). Hence, it is obvious that innovation is a value that needs to be incorporated and facilitated by a firm’s organizational culture and organizational structure. Open communication, exchange of ideas, and delegation of authority are characteristics which help promote innovation within organizations. An informal and interactive organizational culture and organizational structures such as the corporate venture, matrix organizational structure, and multi-divisional organizational structure support innovative activities. Hence, large organizations who wish to innovate must design their business environments accordingly (Mahmoudselahi et al, 2012). Conclusion: The discussion on lectures 5, 6, and 7 shows that there are various aspects for an entrepreneur to consider and each aspect has positive and negative consequences. If an organization has to protect their intellectual property, they can do so through application of generic or law protection while both may not be permanently effective. There are certain characteristics that are needed within an individual in order for the individual to become an entrepreneur, while others may not prefer to be an entrepreneur because of the high levels of risk involved. Organizational culture and structure are important concepts that must be embedded into an organization to promote the value of innovation, as they are very difficult to change at later stages.   References Banon, A., Sanchez, A. Vivaracho, P. (2011) â€Å"The decision to become an entrepreneur: a cognitive perspective. â€Å" A Shift to the Entrepreneurial Society : A Built Economy in Education. Edward Elgar Publishing. Branstetter, L., Fisman, R., Foley, C., Saggi, K. (2011) â€Å"Does Intellectual Property Rights Reform Spur Industrial Development†.   Journal of International Economics. Vol. 83:1 pp. 27-36 Clercq, D., Honig, B., Martin, B. (2012) â€Å"The roles of learning orientation and passion for work in the formation of entrepreneurial intention†. International Small Business Journal. Davis, TM. (2008) â€Å"International Intellectual Property Rights: Effectiveness of Incentives for Enforcement†. Ball State University Department of Physical Science. Dinopolous, E. Segerstorm, P. (2010) â€Å"Intellectual property rights, Multinational firms, and Economic Growth†. Journal of Development Economics. Vol. 92:1 pp. 13-27 Fiedler, M. Welp, I. (2010) â€Å" How do Organizations Remember? The Influence of Organizational Structure on Organizational Memory†. Organization Studies. Vol. 31:4 pp.381-407 Guiso, L. Schivardi, F. (2011) â€Å"What Determines Entrepreneurial Clusters?†. Journal of the European Economic Association. Vol. 9:1 pp. 61-86 Kim, Y., Lee, K., Park, W., Choo, K. (2012) â€Å"Appropriate Intellectual Property Protection and Economic Growth in Countries a Different levels of Development.† Research Policy. Vol. 41: 2 pp. 358-375 Klein, MW. (2010) â€Å"Ten Years After Managed Professionals : Who Owns Intellectual Property Now?†. Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy. Vol. 2:2 Linnenlueke, M. Griffiths, A. ( 2010) â€Å" Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Culture†. Journal of World Business. Vol. 45:4 pp. 357-366 Magri, S. ( 2011) â€Å" Household Wealth and Entrepreneurship: Is There a Link?† Midwest Finance Association 2012 Annual Meetings Paper. [online] Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1925361 Mahmoudsalehi, M., Moradkhannejad, R. Safari, K. (2012) â€Å"How Knowledge Management is Affected by organizational Structure†. Learning Organization. Vol. 19:6 pp.518-528 Menguc, B. Auh, S. (2010) â€Å"Development and Return on Execution of Product Innovation Capabiilities: The role of organizational structure†. Industrial Marketing Management. Vol. 39:5 pp. 820- 831 Simcoe, T., Graham, S., Feldman, M. (2009) â€Å"Competing on Standards: Entrepreneurship, Intellectual Property, and Platform Technologies.† Journal of Economics Management Strategy. Vol. 18:3 pp. 775-816 Sorgner, A. Fritsch, M. (2013) â€Å"Occupational Choice and Self-Employment-Are They Related?†. [online] Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2205034 Valencia, J., Jimenz, D., Valle, R. (2011) â€Å"Innovation or Imitation: The role of Organizational Culture.† Emerald, 49. Wang, C., Wang, N., Yang, J. (2012) â€Å"A Unified Model of Entrepreneurship Dynamics.† Journal   of Financial Economics.   Vol. 106:1 pp. 1-23 Zheng, W., Yang, B. McLean, B. (2010) â€Å"Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management†. Journal of Business Research. Vol. 63: 7 pp.763-771

How to Write to Market and Improve your Income

How to Write to Market and Improve your Income If you’re an indie author, it’s possible you have heard other authors talk about writing to market. It’s not a new concept, but within the last few years indie authors have been using it to sell more books and skyrocket their income. Here’s how to do it. 1.  Ã‚     Pick a genre you love.  It does no good to write in a genre you don’t read in and enjoy, so pick one you are quite familiar with. For example, let’s pick mystery. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drill down to a popular sub-genre.  Take some time and look at the different sub-genres. Pick one you enjoy and look at the top selling books. Let’s pick culinary cozy mystery. If you look on Amazon, the top selling book in that category is #112 in the whole Kindle store. This is good, it means this is a hot category. Now look at the top twentieth book. It’s ranked #2,771. Anything above #10,000 is going to indicate it’s a hot market. The trick is to pick one that is hot, but not so crowded that you can’t break in. 3.  Ã‚     Study the tropes, themes, and similarities.  Now that you’ve picked your sub-genre, buy the top ten books and read them. Look at the story threads that run through all the books searching for tropes and themes that are the same. Ignore the outliers, the books that sell well but don’t have similar themes or tropes. You’re looking for the commonalities. Write them down. 4.  Ã‚     Write your book.  Now you should be able to incorporate these well-loved tropes and themes in your own book. This does not mean you are copying the stories. This means you are using common storytelling devices that have been around for years. With your own unique twists, you should be able to tell a story that will be both fresh and new, yet familiar and loved. 5.  Ã‚     Rapid release.  A popular trend to raising your income is to write three novels and then publish one every 30 days. This will acquire you more visibility and raise your ranks, especially if you’re writing in a series. 6.  Ã‚     Write a reader magnet.  Write a novella or short story and give it away as incentive to join your newsletter. 7.  Ã‚     Network.  Spend some time on social media getting to know other authors who write in your genre. For this example, this would be culinary cozy mystery. See if there are any Facebook groups where these authors hang out. If not, start your own and invite authors to join. 8.  Ã‚     Trade promotion.  Offer to promote another author’s book in your newsletter if they will promote yours. 9.  Ã‚     Slow release.  Instead of scheduling all your promotion on your release day, spread it out so your book slowly rises in rank on Amazon. This will make your book stay higher in rank longer. Michelle Pennington was averaging $33 income per month in the beginning of 2017. She began writing to market in the fall of 2017 and in the beginning of 2018 was averaging $3,600 income per month. This May she topped $7,000 for the month. Amy Meyer earned $63.50 in May of 2017. She began writing to market under the pen name of Anne-Marie Meyer shortly after that. Her income for Ma, 2018 was $7,353. Bree Livingston published her first to market book in March of this year. She made $2,283 in March. April brought in $6,402. May topped $8,000. Last year her total income was $281. These three examples happen to be sweet romance writers, but this isn’t a concept that only works for this genre. Craig Martelle, founder of the Facebook group 20Booksto50K writes to market science fiction. Susan Kaye Quinn brings in six figures writing YA dystopian. This method will work with any genre as long as it is commercial, and you pick a niche that is selling well.

IT in Small Business Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT in Small Business Accounting - Assignment Example Both sides of the Balance Sheet increase by $5000. Journal entry that would affect the Income Statement would be: DR CR Retained Earnings $2000 Wages Expense $2000 Assumption: Retained Earnings decreases with the debiting and Wages Expense account decrease while being posted to the expenses in the Income Statement. Assignment 2 The primary objectives of accounting are to fairly present the financial information in the financial statements with necessary disclosures in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) so that users of the financial statements can use them to make informative decisions. This fulfills one of the main objectives which is to give assurance to the public about financial statements. The main objective of the firm producing financial statements is to monitor business performance throughout the year and possibly compare with past results. When comparative financial statements are compiled, a better understanding of the level of consistency can b e obtained. A part of this objective of accounting is to judge the performance of management and employees. Why isn't the company doing well when Sales have gone up? Are employees being careless with materials? Using this financial information the company can analyze the data to find out why the budgeted amounts for the operations budget and the actual data differ. In doing this, management will be able to answer questions about employee performance and it's own performance. Another objective is to record all expenses and revenues in the correct period. This is important since in order to find the financial position we must know when to post revenues and expense to the income...This fulfills one of the main objectives which is to give assurance to the public about financial statements. The main objective of the firm producing financial statements is to monitor business performance throughout the year and possibly compare with past results. When comparative financial statements are c ompiled, a better understanding of the level of consistency can be obtained. A part of this objective of accounting is to judge the performance of management and employees. Why isn't the company doing well when Sales have gone up? Are employees being careless with materials? Using this financial information the company can analyze the data to find out why the budgeted amounts for the operations budget and the actual data differ. In doing this, management will be able to answer questions about employee performance and it's own performance. Another objective is to record all expenses and revenues in the correct period. This is important since in order to find the financial position we must know when to post revenues and expense to the income statement. We also need this information to prepare tax records. Another objective is to prepare for the future of the company. Management needs to know which parts of the company are functioning inefficiently or efficiently. Certain departments m ay be functioning inefficiently and its important to know why and what can be done to prevent waste or inefficiency.